Culture and Health Promotion Essay

Madeline Leininger is the nurse and anthropologist who first developed the theory of addressing the needs of the whole person within their culture, heritage and traditions. Her book, Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, and Practice (1978), gave rise to an area of nursing practice that has become known as transcultural care. Nurses continue to develop tools to assess the nature of an individual’s culture, traditions and heritage. The Heritage Assessment Tool, developed by Rachel Spector (2000, figure 6-1), identifies language preference, family dynamic, religious practices, educational background, and social standing. The information gathered from the heritage assessment combined with further dialog will allow the nurse to implement an indivualized, culturally competent plan of care. The heritage assessment tool was utilized as part of a series of interviews comparing the health traditions of subjects from three different cultures. The focus of the interview was health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration. Subject one is a 46 year old Hispanic female. Her paternal great-grandmother was born in a small village in Spain. Her maternal great-grand father’s was born in Mexico. It is interesting to note that while she has both Mexican and Spanish lineage, she most strongly identified with the Spanish side of her heritage. She clearly indicated she and her family spoke Castilian Spanish, not Mexican Spanish. Both sets of her grandparents and parents were born in the United States of America (U.S.A.). Her father and grandparents are bilingual, and come from a large family of 16 children. Her grandparents had very little formal education; her father attended school. Her mother was from a family of 4 children and speaks  Spanish as a second language. She received formal education and was a college graduate. Twenty years ago, both sides of this family lived in rural areas and in close proximity but have since dispersed across the country for employment opportunities. This subject’s family has a strong tradition of beliefs and non-traditional methods for health protection. They did not routinely seek out a physician but rather relied on herbalists and folk remedies. There was a strong spiritual component to this family’s traditions. Prayers, lighting candles during church services and saying novenas or the rosary were all considered to be important to health protection .With regards to health restoration; the subject’s paternal grandmother had a firm belief in â€Å"mal ojo† or the evil eye. When sickness occurred, it was due to â€Å"mal ojo† transmitting sickness through jealousy either consciously or unconsciously. Her grandmother believed many illnesses were the result of â€Å"mal ojo† and could be reversed through prayer and placing a bowl of hard boiled eggs near the sick person to â€Å"pull out the mal ojo†. In addition to prayer, teas were consumed for nausea or upset stomach; eucalyptus salve was applied to the chest for colds or respiratory infections, and mercurochrome was applied to any scrapes, b ruises, insect bites or reddened areas on the skin. Food was an important part of health maintenance for this family. The subject’s mother and grandmother both provided all the family meals which consisted primarily of fish, wild game and steamed vegetables. Food was never fried, and wheat germ was added to most foods, including desserts. The subject relayed that in recent years her family has moved into a suburban setting. Her grandparents now seek regular care from a physician. They also have mostly abandoned the folk remedies previously preferred and now use pharmaceuticals for health restoration. Prayer remains a large part of this family culture (P. Sanchez, personal communication, January 28, 2012). Subject two is a 46 year old Asian-American female of Chinese heritage. She has no knowledge of her grandparents who are deceased. The entire family migrated to the USA when the subject was three years of age. She is the youngest of three siblings, all of whom live within the same city. It is of interest that all the girls in this family have traded their Chinese names for western names and have married outside their race to men of Caucasian, non-Hispanic origin. In spite of this, the family maintains a strong culture of family unity and  respect for their ancestors. Neither her mother nor father read or write English; therefore, Chinese is the language spoken when communicating at home. All the children and grandchildren are bilingual. The subject shares caretaking responsibility for her parents with her sisters. To protect health, they practice healthy eating habits and engage in regular exercise. The subject’s parents walk daily, and practice tai chi. They drink warm water after each meal to ensure good digestion. In the event of illness, several cures are used to restore health. To reduce a fever, drinking cool water is believed to be effective. To alleviate a sore throat or cough, a vinegar and warm water gargle; for headache, cold compresses on the forehead and back of neck with massage; for body aches or pain, rest with meditation is the preferred remedy. To maintain health, this family again relies on exercise, meditation, and the use of herbal supplements and teas. Mint is used for digestion, ginger is used for energy. The subject shares that her parents are now receiving Medicare benefits and they engage in primary health prevention by receiving the influenza vaccine and yearly physical examinations (C. C. Lu, personal communication, January 31, 2012). This student was the third subject. She is a 55 year old Caucasian of Scottish heritage. Her mother’s side of the family is of German Descent and her father’s side is of Scottish descent. She is strongly identified with her heritage and culture as all of her family on both sides were born and lived in West Virginia. Her mother was one of six siblings; her father an only child. This subject was the oldest of three siblings. The extended family unit was active in the same church and participated in many of the same social activities. They took family vacations and were together for most holidays and birthdays. Her father and grandfather were both professionals; her grandfather worked as a teacher, her father as an engineer. Both her grandmother and mother were homemakers. English is the only language spoken in this family. To protect health, this family used a combination of folk remedies and primary physician care. Both she and her siblings were immunized as babies and r eceived yearly physical and dental exams. However, prior to seeking medical care for health restoration, her grandmother and mother would utilize herbal and folk remedies to include warm salt water gargle for sore throat, cool compresses to reduce fever, or eucalyptus salve combined with inhaling steam for upper respiratory infections. Mineral oil  was used to relieve ear aches and baking soda was dissolved mixed with warm water and then drank to cure indigestion. Hot chicken soup was a cure all for any type of sickness. Food was also an important part of health maintenance for this family. Her grandmother maintained a large garden and several fruit trees. She preserved every variety of vegetable and fruit and taught this skill to the subject. The family also would join together to purchase a whole cow and have it butchered. Meals were simple and wholesome. Exercise in this family was not structured but every member participated in some type of physical activity through school, work or church. In conclusion, all three families interviewed have similar health traditions. Two of the three have strong religious traditions. All three use herbal and folk remedies in much the same way. The interviews revealed a pattern of change in tradition that appears to be based on education, and access to western based medicine. As the family units evolved through marriage, immigration, or education, their reliance on western medicine increased. However, the use of folk remedies were not completely abandoned and continued to be viewed as an important component in achieving and maintaining wellness. By including the health traditions in the nursing plan of care and teaching, the needs of the whole person can be addressed: Culturally competent nursing is achieved. References Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories and practice. New York: Wiley. Spector, R. E. (2000). CultureCare: Guide to heritage assessment and health traditions (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education/PH College.

Process Of International Convergence Of Accounting Standards Accounting Essay

Globalization may hold started 1000s of old ages ago with the long distance trade that connected Central Asia, China and Europe yet we can safely reason the magnitude of the trade and impact so can non be compared with what we are witnessing today. At the really nucleus of trade prevarications accounting which is said to be the ‘language of concern ‘ . With the convergence of telecommunications and information engineering, and the now ubiquitousness of the cyberspace this paper seeks to understand one of the few staying barriers to ‘full ‘ globalisation. Businesss need a unvarying manner through which they can carry on, step and unwrap their minutess so that they can be understood by any interested party around the universe. This is where the importance of holding a consonant international accounting criterion is realized. This paper looks at the construct and development procedure of international convergence of accounting criterions while it besides seeks to convey out the major unfavorable judgments / factors that could be said to be impeding the advancement towards holding harmonized international accounting criterions. The paper besides highlights both statements for and against convergence of international accounting criterions. Finally possible attacks that could be applied to aide in the hastening and/ or distributing the ‘gospel ‘ for harmonisation of the international accounting criterions are outlined in the recommendations subdivision. The paper ends with a strong pro- harmonisation decision.IntroductionGlobalization is the procedure of integrating and interaction of people, administrations and authoritiess of different states. It is driven by investing, international trade and supported by information engineering. The effects of globalisation are manifested through the alterations in people ‘s civilizations, prosperity and economic development, alterations in political systems, societies and besides alterat ions in the environment. With globalisation we have witnessed an increasing volume of trade in goods and services and capital flows as foreign direct investings ( Levin Institute para1 ) . As transnational companies, persons and authoritiess seek to increase their wealth through designation of feasible investing chances around the Earth, the demand for developing tools, techniques or methods that will help in doing accurate determinations has arisen. Accounting is the linguistic communication of concern. It is used to pass on the being and development of a concern ‘ fiscal state of affairs and the public presentation of its economic entities. Fiscal information is a linguistic communication signifier, hence if we are to utilize it to do determinations on investing or taking up recognition it should non merely be apprehensible but besides be comparable. Due to the rise of new concern factors, such as the international pecuniary system and the planetary economic system, concerns need a unvarying manner through which they can carry on, step and unwrap their minutess so that they are apprehensible by any interested party around the universe ( Diaconu 1-2 ) . In brief what we are stating is that for one to accurately compare the public presentation of two concerns located in different parts of the universe 1 would happen it much simpler if the two organisations that he was comparing used a similar accounting system for their analysis. There has been some attempt for sometime now to come up with a consonant international accounting criterion. Soon, the two major accounting criterions that are in usage are the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) and the United States ‘ By and large Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . The IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) and are presently in usage in about 100 states ( including the European Union, Australia, South Africa etc ) . Whereas there are many states that abide by International Financial Reporting Standards, there are many more that do non stay by it. The two noteworthy states that do non follow the IFRS are the Canadian Accounting Standards Board ( AcSB ) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and. The IASB which is mandated with the end of making planetary criterions that are of high-quality, apprehensible, crystalline and enforceable via the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) comprises of a 14 – member commission, from nine different countries.A On the other manus, the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) represents a varied group of techniques used to treat, fix and present public accounting information. GAAP is general in its methods and it is this generalization that makes it suited for version by many different types of industries. This is why many industries in the US are urged to detect GAAP rules. The Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) is the organisation granted authorization by the US Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) to set up the by and large accepted accounting rules. A GAAP ‘s nucleus rules include consistence, comparison, dependability and relevancy. United States companies and foreign subordinates of US multinationals use the US GAAP while their European Union opposite numbers and their foreign subordinates use IFRS. Due to the international political relations that belies the full IAS harmonisation attempt, most stakeholders in capital markets are forcing for the thought of an international convergence between the IFRS and U.S. GAAP as the best solution ( Diaconu 1 ) . International harmonisation of accounting criterions has been defined as the effort to convey together different accounting systems. Samuels and Piper view it as the procedure for bring forthing a interactive consequence through the combine and blending of assorted patterns into an orderly construction ( 56 ) . Harmonization is perfectly necessary because national criterions of fiscal statements are virtually useless in today ‘s universe. Fiscal markets in states where there is more ordinance are threatened with a loss of market portion while transnational corporations must come up with multiple studies for different states where they operate in ( Nobes and Parker 19 ) . Iqbal, Melcher and Elmallah claim that there is a demand for the convergence of accounting criterions for the interest of the foreign investor who requires aid in understanding the fiscal paperss of the companies in other states where they may wish to put their financess. Prior research on harmonisation of accounting criterions may be described as being either empirical or qualitative. Qualitative research has typically looked at the sensed advantages of convergence and its impact on standard compositors. Empirical research on the other manus, turn toing international harmonisation of accounting criterions follows two major attacks, de jure and de facto harmonisation. De jure harmonisation involves analyzing of accounting criterions and other ordinance while de facto harmonisation entails the analysis of corporate accounting patterns within a given regulative model. Harmonization is a â€Å" moving mark † and more recent studies by international accounting houses have been used to set up the extent of de jure harmonisation. De facto harmonisation is a examination of fiscal coverage patterns.The Concept and Development Process of International Convergence of Accounting StandardsIn 1973, the International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was founded to develop planetary accounting criterions. In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted into the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which officially proposed a â€Å" Convergence † construct. Convergence targeted doing the same economic minutess but in different planetary legal powers to be utilizing the same accounting attack. Moussa outlines the development procedure of international convergence of accounting criterions as follows: First: Convergence represents advancement through consisting the demands of incorporating international economic systems and sets the way for future development. Nevertheless, convergence requires great attempt if it is to be achieved ( Moussa 89 ) . Second: Convergence does non equal identity. One needs to understand that states have different regulative constructions ; they have dissimilar economic environments, cultural doctrines, and even differ on the quality of comptrollers they possess. Users of accounting information are besides non likewise ( Moussa 89 ) . Third: Convergence is a procedure. It is a procedure because in the universe there are ever new issues originating which require the states to actively and continuously innovate new mechanisms to make constructions which meet such demands as they come up. It is merely through this that states can accomplish equitability, sovereignty, international efficiency and development of planetary diverseness ( Moussa 89 ) . Fourth: Convergence means interaction between different states, between single states and the IASB, and between the IASB and regional professional accounting organic structures. There is a demand for sustained communicating to larn from each other and to obtain common acknowledgment from each other ( Moussa 89 ) . Moussa farther lineations three phases of international convergence of accounting criterions as illustrated below: International Comparison refers to a comparing among different states accounting criterions. Through international comparing the differences and similarities among different national accounting systems are revealed. From such disclosures it becomes possible to supply conditions for the international convergence of accounting criterions. International Harmonization is the international dimension of economic development that promotes international harmonisation of accounting. International Convergence is the concluding phase for the coveted planetary convergence of accounting criterions. International convergence is being driven by the two phases listed above, international comparing and international harmonisation, and economic globalisation. The purpose is to finally stop up with planetary common accounting criterions developed through such a dynamic procedure as the one outlined above ( 90 ) .Issues environing the development of consonant international accounting criterions ( IAS )Historically, the US, Europe, the UK and Latin American theoretical accounts have been the four major accounting criterions theoretical accounts in usage within the industrialised states: . The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) took the lead with respects to the standardisation of these theoretical accounts. In 1973 the UK, the US and Canada embarked on a procedure geared toward making harmonized international accounting criterions. The International Accounting Standards Committee ( IASC ) was subsequently formed and it presently has representatives from accounting organic structures in 106 states. By 1991 there had been 31 criterions issued ( Lochner, Jr. 108 ) . Fleming says that for convergence of international accounting criterions to happen the undertaking must get down with coming up with criterions for the coverage attacks required by the different national securities regulators ( 101 ) . In April 2001 the IASC was reconstituted as the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) which officially proposed the ‘convergence ‘ construct. In lesser-developed states, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has aided in the standardisation attempt through their aid to authoritiess with respects to their fiscal direction processs, through accountant instruction plans and by advancing the constitution of regional accounting associations ( Fleming 102-103 ) . A cardinal first measure to deriving an international understanding on the definition of fiscal statement points would be for the international industry to put political force per unit area on securities regulators. Second, practising comptrollers and the course of study of concern school accounting plans would necessitate to rapidly follow these international criterions. Third, authorities fiscal coverage criterions need to be made to suit in with international exchange rate coordination such as those developed by the African and Asian Development Banks, the G7 states, the International Monetary Fund and the Organization for Economic Coordination and Development ( OECD ) . Finally, the accounting organic structures in less developed states need to be reassured to follow these harmonized international accounting criterions in alternatively of burthening themselves with the immense disbursal of making domestic accounting criterions ( Weber 67 ) . There is no denying that the procedure of coming up with internationally harmonized accounting criterions is a political procedure for illustration the FASB criterions are the consequence of complex political dialogues and procedures. The truth of the affair is that those with political power do hold vested involvements in domestic criterions. Again, each state has its ain accounting policy processes which necessitate the demand for tonss of dialogue for any state seeking to equilibrate its legal sovereignty with international cooperation. Lochner, Jr. says that the tendency in international cooperation has been toward bilateral and trade-block understandings for illustration the convergence of European Union ‘s ( EU ) accounting criterions which is a trade-block ( 108 ) . The issue of extra-territoriality makes it hard to implement international jurisprudence therefore national authoritiess would necessitate to spearhead and implement international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonisation. By and large, contracts between states tend to be more enforceable than contracts between citizens of different states. A common statement frequently raised against the convergence of international accounting criterions ( IAS ) has been that the costs of development and acceptance of IAS criterions would far surpass its benefits. However, Goeltz believes that the manner has already been laid out by the international capital markets. These marketplaces / Bourses have quickly acknowledged the being of a planetary market to the extent that to authorise investors with the information they need to do sound investing determinations, they have gone in front to hold some gloss to convergence in the accounting criterions that they employ ( 86 ) . In instances where authoritiess seek to privatise some of the industries they have been engaged in international accounting criterions could be adapted to so that private investors from anyplace in the universe would be able to expeditiously measure these concerns based on their fiscal records. Developing states have become cardinal beginnings of comparative advantage in the planetary economic development particularly when we look at of import factors of production such as natural stuffs and labour. Therefore we can non disregard the importance of including developing states within the model for harmonising IAS. Having harmonized international accounting criterions will be utile when we need to mensurate the value of these developing states ‘ assets in the universe market. Besides, in order to help in the enterprises of inter-governmental economic development cooperation between states authoritiess ‘ accounting demands to be standardized ( Weber 68 ) . Again, we need to observe that developing and developing states view convergence of international accounting criterions as a gambit by the economically superior states to enforce criterions on them. Another unfavorable judgment points to the really nature of accounting. Accounting is a flexible pattern that is it can be modified to accommodate a assortment of state of affairss. The statement here is that if accounting criterions are harmonized it would lose its flexibleness. The job would be whether the internationally set criterions would be able to fit the broad scope of phases of economic development, national fortunes and legal systems. A inquiry on quality may originate in fortunes where the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , the organisation with the authorization of coming up with a consonant IAS, find it hard to hold consentaneous understanding on some of the accounting criterions. The belief is that IASB would be forced to do via medias so that the international accounting criterions it has come up with are accepted globally. These could connote that the criterions will be permissive and unequal. Nobes and Parker suggest that companies would hold to edify their investors about possible inauspicious effects that this convergence of international accounting criterions could hold on the net incomes and liabilities they get to describe. They are of the position that harmonisation of IAS could shoot volatility into the balance sheets of some transnational corporations. This could be unsafe to these companies as their net incomes may be lowered ( 77 ) .Advantages of holding a consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS )The grandest benefit that would flux from convergence of IAS would be the easiness of comparing international fiscal information. This relaxation of comparings would extinguish one of the biggest hindrances to the flow of international investing that is it will decrease the current scruples on the dependability of fiscal statements from ‘foreign ‘ states. Harmonization of IAS would salvage clip and money. Presently, to follow with the different national Torahs or pattern of different states so much clip and money is spent to roll up fiscal information in the cases where more than one set of studies is demanded. Choi, Frost and Meek claim that harmonisation will raise the accounting criterions throughout the universe to the highest possible degree because it will be less hard to look into for consistence with local societal, legal and economic conditions ( 34 ) . This would be particularly good to international accounting houses with clients of houses, and whose operations consist of at least one foreign subordinate because they will be able to make comparings without excess digests. Nobes and Parker write that states which lack equal statute criterions of accounting and scrutinizing would besides stand to profit from the convergence of international accounting criterions ( 38 ) . Another benefit that International Accounting houses could obtain with respects to the harmonisation of accounting patterns will be the decreased disbursals that they normally incur for motion of staff across national boundaries. This is because they would hold eliminated staff preparation costs and cost-of-time incurred on larning different accounting systems. Having a consonant IAS lessens the undertaking for fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners who will so be in a better place to grok the fiscal statements of foreign companies. Samuels and Piper position this as a encouragement with respects to doing it easier to raise foreign capital ( 56 ) . In add-on to that, the fiscal analysts, investors, and foreign loaners would besides be able to compare the different investing chances as they seek to do consistent, sound and more accurate investing determinations. National revenue enhancement governments are besides bound to profit from holding a standardised accounting system because they would be able to calculate net income based on matching accounting rules and patterns. O'Malley ( 1993 ) adds that the being of international accounting and revelation criterions would do the procedure of carry oning operational and competitory analyses needed to carry on concerns across the Earth simpler. In add-on to this, fiscal executives will besides happen it better for them to pull off cardinal relationships with providers, clients and others. Finally, those who stand to profit the most out of the convergence of international accounting criterions would be the Multi-national companies. This is because it would so be faster and less resource demanding to pass on fiscal information within their regional, national and international concerns.The disadvantages of holding a consonant IowaNobes and Parker outlines the most cardinal obstructions to harmonisation as being three, viz. : the economic and political systems differences among states ; some states lack strong professional accounting organic structures ; and the prevailing differences of the current accounting criterions in different states ( 25 ) . Even in instances where the figures for say a concern are generated utilizing the same international accounting rules, states would still exhibit significant differences, economic and/or cultural, that would prevent simple readings. Accounting criterions are a contemplation of a given society ‘s demands and positions for illustration the Gallic Commercial Code is much more compliance-oriented than the U.S. or British accounting regulations, which strongly convey the constructs of equity and substance over signifier ( Diaconu 6 ) . Saudagaran points out that patriotism is besides another major menace to harmonisation. He argues that states are wont to be wary of yielding control of their accounting ordinance to foreigners at the slightest perceptual experience that it will be replacing its ain accounting ordinances with those of another state ( 1-7 ) . Another disadvantage of holding a consonant IAS is that all the authoritiess of these different states will hold to keenly organize their accounting policies with criterions and processs predominating in other states. This is an excess load in the sense that authoritiess may be required to put up organisations to make these coordination activities. Diaconu besides tells us that while convergence may be taking topographic point, authoritiess must happen ways to cut down negative influences from abroad from pervading their criterions while seeking ways to maximise on absorbing the positive influences coming from abroad ( 5 ) . States in the universe have different users who have different demands. For illustration a state that largely lends to other states has dissimilar demands to a state that borrows or owes. This implies that the consonant IAS that could be proposed could be excessively complex for one state or excessively simple for another, depending on the alone demands of their industries, authoritiess and investors. A perfect illustration for such a quandary state of affairs could be the magnitude of divergency between the demands of smaller concern entities and the demands of big multinationals in developing states. A factor that the consonant international accounting criterion will necessitate to see is the different degrees of edification, human resource and influence among different national accounting professionals. The IAS could stop up being excessively sophisticated for certain states particularly in the underdeveloped universe.RecommendationsInternational organic structures must make more to advance international convergence of accounting criterions. International organisations such as the World Trade Organization, the IMF, G7 and the World Bank are progressively playing bigger functions with the increasing volume of planetary trade. They are besides holding more influence over their rank which they could utilize to advance harmonisation of IAS. Multinational corporations need to show leading. The rapid addition in economic globalisation has led to mushrooming of multinationals. These transnational corporations due to their monolithic turnovers and net incomes are able to act upon determination shapers and policy shapers. By showing leading through recommending for usage of and practically utilizing harmonized accounting criterions would better the thrust towards credence of convergence of international accounting criterions. Leading concern schools that produce the bulk of the universe ‘s concern leaders besides have an of import function to play. They should be encouraged to offer classs that are biased towards usage of accounting criterions geared towards convergence. If the immature MBAs are encouraged to follow the consonant international accounting criterion ( IAS ) way so we would anticipate minimum opposition towards this enterprise in the hereafter. Communication may be good therefore far but we still need to set more accent on communicating and interaction between different states, between states and professional umbrella accounting organic structures and between states and the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Irvine and Lucas recommend that for developing states and emerging economic systems appropriate regulative systems will necessitate to be developed so as to get the better of some of their cultural issues. They argue that the proposed harmonized IAS is brooding of western-oriented accounting criterions, regulative substructure and civilization ( 2 ) . Therefore other than merely proclaiming the benefits to be accrued with the acceptance of IFRS the development states and emerging economic systems will necessitate to be convinced to purchase into the thought.DecisionHarmonized international accounting criterions ( IAS ) are an indispensable constituent of the quickly globalized economic system. This matching of accounting criterions will add additions to the universe economic system through the proviso of more ‘perfect ‘ information, facilitation of international minutess and minimising exchange costs. Through a consonant IAS the universe ‘s economic policy think arm ored combat vehicles and policy shapers would be availed with standardised information that would be good in determination devising. Furthermore, a harmonisation of international accounting policy would assist make a flat playing field in the universe, for case regulators would be having the same information and therefore doing the rating procedure closer to the ideal state of affairs. In fact, we could boldly asseverate that with international accounting criterions ( IAS ) harmonized, the universe ‘s resources will be better utilised. However we can non minimize the unfavorable judgments and disadvantages that we have mentioned in this paper. Information communicating engineering and telecommunications convergence has quickly provided us with the tools necessary to do international accounting criterions convergence a possibility to be aimed at. All said, the benefits for holding a standardised IAS do outweigh the demerits.

Case Study: Air Quality Systems Inc.

Quality Systems Inc. Was founded in 1984 and is based out of Richmond, Virginia. Their mission is to increase the customers quality of life by creating, manufacturing, and marketing innovative energy-recovery products. They manufacture ventilation, air-cleaning, and heating equipment for residential and light commercial applications. Sales have been Increasing consistently and were expected to reach $12 million for the year.The 4 key areas ASS specialize in are design, assembly, steel fabrication, and the manufacturing of aluminum heat recovery ventilators. The Hers accounted for 2/3 of the projected $12 million sales. 60% of parts were procured from suppliers and the other 40% were produced In house. Patrick Wallace Is the plant manager and is in charge of quality control. He watches over 2 technicians who are supposed to do quality checks and testing. Issues: 1 .The problem is the foam insulation for a batch of Hers manufactured at the plant is peeling, leading Pat to believe the e quipment would malfunction. 2. Suffolk, a local manufacturer, whom ASS has never had a quality problem with, supplied ASS with he malfunctioning product. 3. Some customers may have already received defective products and all production has to be ceased In order to make sure quality Is on point. What cause the Issues: 1 . A lapse In Judgment on the 2 technicians who are supposed to do the quality checks and tests.The defect should have been noticed on the 1st HER that came through. And definitely should have been noticed before any orders went out. 2. Possibly the growth of business and sales. This could lead Suffolk as well as Ass's quality control team to maybe be overwhelmed. Missing where they had made the mistake. Recommendations: e wise to give Patrick a team of 5 technicians instead of only 2. This would give him the ability to assign each technician a specific job. For ex.Having 1 technician inspect at the beginning of the job, another at the end, one specifically to focus on the HER adhesive, etc. To solve your issue with Suffolk you could approach them with the malfunction you've 1 OFF contract with them. As far as dealing with the orders that have gone out that may malfunction, you would have to do a recall for any product that's been sold. Dating back to when the order from Suffolk that you noticed the malfunction from, came in.

John Keble and the Oxford Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

John Keble and the Oxford Movement - Essay Example These young men were educated in a university that is immersed with the ideals of the past. They had been educated under the care of a church that put premium on traditions which was considered to be the most precious part of the church's heritage. [2] The movement also sought to express their belief that the Church of England was a direct descendant of the Christian church that was established by the original Apostles of Christ. Later on, the movement was also invariably called the Tractarian movement after its series of publications called the Tracts of the Times which ran from 1833 to 1841.[3] The members of the movement were, in some way, can be branded as idealists. They came forward when they thought that the Church that they serve is veering away from the original teachings they were educated upon. The Oxford members believed at that time that the ancient power and practices of the Church should be re-established. Because of their belief in the sacredness of the church based on its origin, they are convinced that the church is a divinely instituted and commissioned institution. Therefore, because of its sacredness, all of the church's teaching should be observed even down to the smallest of these teachings.[4] For the kingdom of God to descend upon the earth, these men believed that the Church must be made absolute in all its doctrines and practices. Harmony can only be achieved by submitting unconditionally to the wiser authority of the Church which had vigorously preserved the teachings of its leaders inspired with divinity.[5] Because of these beliefs, the movement was criticized by some as subscribing to Romanism. To this, the defenders of the movement argue that the greatest difference between the Oxford movement doctrine and the Romanists was that the Oxford members rega rded the leaders of the Church to be divinely inspired as against the belief on an infallible human being which is personified by a pope. To renew people's deep and personal devotion to the Bible, the Oxford members sought to establish religious community life. Consequently, sisterhoods were established in the name of the movement, the first of which was founded in 1845. Charity and social work became the primary works of these sisterhoods. Although among the men, communities were slow to expand and are fewer in number.[6] The movement also stressed the importance of adhering to the high standards of worship which resulted in the many changes later on in church services. These changes involved the physical beautification of churches, the proper wearing of vestments, intonation of services and the emphasis on hymn singing. Not all these changes that were introduced resulted in favourable responses. There are times that these changes aroused strong opposition from fundamentalists that culminated in the riot of 1860 at St. George's in East London.[7] Because the movement centred on the forms of expression in the churches, especially between the years 1857 and 1871, the followers of the movement were also labelled as ritualists. The ritualists' desired changes caused a public uproar which led to the passing in 1874 of the Public Worship Regulation Act by Parliament. The act is virtually a means of the State to put down Ritualism. The churchmen took this as an affront to their spiritual independence and the struggle between the

Globalization commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization commerce - Essay Example Communication across the globe is the main reason behind the expansion of market and commerce. Moreover, the advancements in the field of transportation have also modified the standards of globalized trade and commerce. The idea behind globalization of commerce is to maximize the opportunities for production and sales. Over the last few decades a lot of companies based in the developed countries have transferred their production units to under developed or less developed countries (Dunning 67-68). The reason behind expanding businesses across borders is to undermine the opportunities like new consumer base, access to raw materials, and cheaper labor. When foreign investors bring their capital to the under developed countries, it automatically improves the revenue generation of a country. Moreover it offers jobs that help in improving employment statistics of a country. Overall, the idea of globalization is a progressive one; however, there are some flaws that include exploitation of cheap labor, export of quality produce to foreign countries, inequality, and injustice. Over the years several laws have been made for improving the living standards of the labor, the fight for labor rights has yielded in strict government policies and wage threshold. However, these laws are only applicable in the developed countries, while people living in the under developed regions do not have these securities. Therefore foreign investors look for countries that do not follow these laws, and hence they extract maximum by spending minimum. Further, globalized commerce offers tough competition for the organizations as well as the country, though competition leads to improvement in quality and quantity, but it also eliminate the weaker competitors, which is obviously not good, if one considers the current unemployment statistics. To conclude one can say that globalization maximizes the scale of opportunities, but if it is not implemented properly there are several

Development Delay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Development Delay - Essay Example The following sections of the current paper detail the characteristics of the child, his developmental delay, and some possible interventions that may be taken to help alleviate or totally resolve the problem. I. Description of the Child and the Disability The boy who is four years of age, internationally adopted from China at three months of age, demonstrates an obvious speech disorder and expressive language delay noted at 8 and 20 months of age, respectively. Based on his records, his mother conceived him at age 30, and was not hospitalized or medicated during pregnancy. Therefore, factors such as gender, heredity, and environment (Norbury & Tomblin, 2008) may be considered as the roots of the problem. The surrogate mother of the child, who has taken care of the boy since birth, serves as the main source of information and child support. The mother is a housewife who never goes out except to do some grocery or pay bills. Although the surrogate father willingly provides support to his wife, he is the only one working for the family, is usually out, and comes home at night after office hours. Therefore, aside from the mother, the child has no one to interact with at home. Nevertheless, he is very fond of the television, and replies to people when expected. Faced with a stranger or visitor, the child behaves normally. He interacts and replies with people of all ages, although like most kids, he interacts better with other children. Whenever a visitor comes in, the boy resumes his activity, and responds to the visitor whenever asked. However, he has a very notable speech defect. He does not demonstrate other symptoms of delay except for his speech. When asked what his name is, he responds correctly, but shows inability for proper pronunciation and overall speech. In particular, he has difficulty producing the /s/ in his name and sometimes pronounces /t/ instead or deletes it in other instances. Likewise, he tends to substitute the sound of /k/ to /ch/ and so on. When at play with other kids, the boy does not talk much, but moves and does things according to expectations. At home, when asked to do a chore, he is able to obey instructions such as turning on/off the TV, looking for his toy, arranging his toys in the bin, drinking water on his own, and wearing his slippers. However, he has to be fed when eating, or else he will not be able to finish his food. His motor skills are all right. He can dance, move, go up the stairs, run, use the swing, slide, and play in the sand. However, when asked to draw or hold a pencil, he writes with palmar-supinate grasp. When asked to report what he has done, he struggles with pronunciation of words, and often times cannot be understood. Nevertheless, he tries to express himself but is a little shy with strangers. Moreover, he misses to name things at times, and points at them instead. His sentences are wrongly constructed, and even though taught the proper way, repeatedly makes wrong word order, which res ults in being misunderstood especially by visitors and playmates. II. Support and Resources Needed The situation of the boy calls for the services of a speech therapist. Immediate assistance may be necessary to correct the problem. Likewise, relearning of sounds and acquisition may also help to alleviate problems with

European Union Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Union Debt - Essay Example The European Union debt crisis was a fusion of complex elements in the world market. The globalization of finance and facilitation of easier access to credit in 2002-2008 period enhanced risky lending and borrowing among the member states. Moreover, the fiscal policies, trade imbalances and property bubbles accelerated the dept status (Dikson, Julie, and Pavlos 30). The governments were losing money following the banking system bailouts to defaulters of the property bubble. Furthermore, the pension commitments and the unsustainable public wages increased the debt level (Lynn 11). The increased capital and savings in the global pool of the European Union and other investors set the policy and regulatory structures in the member countries. This is because lenders and borrowers were quick to transact thus generating economic bubbles in each continent (El-Agraa 39). A decline in the monetary value resulted in significant losses and declines in property values. However, the liabilities owed to the global investors remained at constant prices resulting in major losses to the borrowers and insolvency of banks and government (Crifò 30). According to Sanghera (21), the Northern countries, such as Norway and Sweden, were able to cope with the crisis because their governments lent capital to property developers. This generated huge property bubbles. When the bubbles collapsed, their governments and citizens assumed private debts. These reduced excessive burden to the government to bail the nation out. After some time, these nations were able to retain a fair economic position with better employment percentage. In Greece, however, the government enhanced its commitment to the public employees by facilitating higher wages and pension settlements. Notably, the employment wage bill doubled exponentially in real terms. Moreover, the banking systems grew quickly creating enormous external

A letter to the editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

A letter to the editor - Essay Example Although this has worked for the United Kingdom, the author of the article has presumed that it could also work in all the other developed countries. However, he has overlooked the fact that each country has its own distinct economic system, thus some economic strategies in one country might not be successful or apply in another country. In addition, the link between economic growth and deficit reduction, which the author’s argument base on, is disputed. When government spending reduces, as the author suggests, this does not guarantee that there will be economic growth due to the result of a reduced deficit. In some cases, reduced government spending might slow down economic growth, as the government cuts on spending on various goods and services. This might directly result in a contraction in the economy, and consequently a decline in public-sector employment, which will restrain economic growth or recovery. However, it is agreeable, as the author puts it, that the government should highly invest in areas such as education and infrastructure. To a greater extent, such investments by the government might lead to more employment opportunities and result in skilled workforce. For this reason therefore, the author should have considered suggesting a moderated cut on government spending, as extreme cut on government spending might have detrimental effects on the economy of the present and future

Sound effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sound effects - Essay Example The sound has been edited as dense because it complimented the seriousness of the plotline. Herein, it should be noted that the sources of the film are both outside and original. This has been made in direct accordance of dialogue delivery. I would state that throughout the film, one would note almost all the instruments of orchestra including violin, piano etc (Giannetti, 2010). The language was quiet simplistic with no swearing and coarse expressions. There are a number of dialogues that have been delivered. Few fancy dialogues have been added such as â€Å"Someone reminded me weed is good, now it seems it legal†. There is no narrator as watched in the trailer. However, few dialogues from the film have rather been used as a form of narration to ensure a storyline sneak. The delivery of dialogues has been done by a couple of actors including lead actor and supporting actor. The narrator of the film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps is partially omniscient in nature. It should be noted that along the storyline, the narrator has been able to comment about the events that take place in the movie one after the other. In addition, dialogues have been bee vividly used to make sure that the mystery of the film is made complex for the audiences so that the interest is kept unaffected. The fact remains that the director and music director have been successful in keep BG for the film. Audiences might also note that there are couples of walla in the film. While watching the trailer of Captain America, it was noticed that the sound effects used in this movie are a combination of hard sounds and background sound effects. This is because, the trailer is showing scenes of weapons firing, auto vehicles driving and rushing by and door slamming. On the other hand, the trailer also shows scenes of Captain America being deployed in jungle with sounds in the background that are not synchronized explicitly with the scene in the trailer. There is also a voiceover

Purpose of Business Research and Business Research Proposal

Purpose of Business and Business - Research Proposal Example ging from a historically economic role, the business organization has evolved in response to social and political mandate of national public policy, rapid technology growth and revolution in global communication. The authors cited above have identified the following factors which characterize the complex business decision making environment. Moreover increasing concerns of general public about environment and changing geo-political scenario of the world are continuously exerting pressure on world economy. Consequently the managers have to make decisions in more complex environment Emory C. William (1985) has cautioned that the risks associated with decision making environment have been substantially increased. The complexity of decision making environment warn that decision makers making decisions without sound a priori justification based on research are treading on dangerous grounds. To do well in such an environment, we will need to understand how to identify quality information and to recognize solid research on which high risk decisions can be based. Managers will also need to know how to conduct research. Developing these skills requires understanding the scientific method as it applies to managerial decision making environment. Recent years have seen emergence of research concerned with the human relations aspects of business. Morals and attitude studies have been conducted for many years. Cooper Donald R. and Schindler Pamela S. and Emory C William have attempted to make clear demarcation between Applied and Pure research. They have categorically mentioned that Applied research has a practical problem-solving emphasis whereas pure research is conducted for the advancement of theories and knowledge. The demarcation remains no longer clear when we have to consider psychological, social and behavioral aspects in business research. In seeking insight from business research there are two main requirements of the analysis. First, to identify the various

Casino gambling in Hong Kong Essay Example for Free

Casino gambling in Hong Kong Essay Recently, there is a storm of controversy over the latest scheme regarding the legalization of casino gambling. Advocates of the proposal reckon that such policy is a hope for the unemployed whereas contenders fear the growth of gambling business will have negative influence to our next generation’s values. Before we have our decision made, let us make an in-depth analysis into both advantages and disadvantages of the issue. As presumed, the rise of gambling industry is bound to produce job opportunities. To maintain the operation of a casino, it requires any amount of human resources such as a manager to take care of the administration, a security guard to ensure the situation of casino is under control. Most importantly, casinos provide the jobless with a wide variety of low-skilled work. Unlike college graduates, it is not that easy for lowly-educated job seekers to find a permanent job in such a knowledgeable society. Those who lack education is always the majority of unemployment and thus, if these people receive a stable job from the development of casino, a drop of the unemployment rate is about to emerge. As a result, the quality of life within the unemployed is likely to have improvement. Secondly, with more and more casinos set up in Hong Kong, our tourist industry will be benefited either. People regardless of their age, are fond of diverse lucky games, ranging from poker games to Mark Six and that’s why local people or travelers from the globe would respond to our gambling industry if created. Just like Macau, we can all see how Macau’s economy benefits from the well-developed gambling industry. Furthermore, there are not many cities constructed with casino, therefore if Hong Kong has this rare entertainment, we will stay ahead of our neighboring cities and the competitive edge will be preserved. After analyzing the possible good of the proposal, we should now move on to the opposite side discussing the hazard. Having been nagged about the harm of gambling, we are all clear of what excessive gambling could basically lead to. Just as some official advertisements claimed, once people begin to gamble, there is a big chance that they would get addicted unconsciously. As teenagers at such impressionable age are believed not self-disciplined enough, it is most feared compulsive gambling would be severest among vulnerable youngsters. In fact, not only will teens be involved, but also adults who tend to bet on their luck. As soon as casinos are readily available, people will treat gambling as a daily hobby and participate in gambling every now and then. What matters most is that such addiction of gamble could lead to an increase of crime rate. If gamblers had exhausted all their assets to gamble, they would probably resort to crimes like robbery, blackmail so as to gain more money to pay debts and pursue in gambling again. With these problems’ occurrence, the status quo of Hong Kong will be adversely affected. In addition to the impulse on the stability of Hong Kong, the competitiveness will deteriorate as well. Given that obsession of gambling can turns people into corruptible gamblers, the labor force of Hong Kong will be weakening due to a numerous of new gamblers used to have decent pursuit instead of gambling all the day. Consequently, with these lazybones draining our resources everyday and doing nothing to make contribution to our society, Hong Kong will no longer be a prosperous city. After reviewing both sides of views towards the issue, which one do you find more convincing? Personally, I reckon that the idea to legalize casino gambling should be abandoned. Even though it may contributes to our economy, it is as insensible to implement the suggestion as to promote gambling and put our prosperity at risk. In other words, it’s not worthwhile to trade our citizens’ mind for financial reward. Besides, there is no emergency to rush our economy development and that’s why, it’s not necessary to allow such hazardous business to get into our city. Hence, the proposal should not be approved, at least not for now.

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay Example for Free

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay Abstractï ¼Å¡Proverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and embodiment of the language and culture of a nation. Proverb is a form of literature,its terseness and depth is the result of sand washing from rough sea and discarding the dross and selecting the essential in the course of language culture development. The proverb has the bright characteristic of a nation. Because of the differences of religious beliefs, habits and customs, fables and myth and culture and art, English proverbs and Chinese proverbs carry on the different national cultural characteristics and information. In translation,these cultural elements are the main difficulties and they form  the influencing factor of the translation of English proverbs.This essay uses some typical examples to state four factors through analyzing, comparing and concluding from the point of geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture. In order to present an adequate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation methods flexibly: literal translation, free translation, substitution translation and literal translation combined with free translation. Key words: English proverb influencing factor translation method æ µâ€¦Ã¨ °Ë†Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜ Ã¥ ­ ¦ 生ï ¼Å¡Ã©Æ' Ã¦â„¢â€œÃ¦â€" ° ä ¸â€œ ä ¸Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¨â€¹ ± è ¯ ­ æÅ'‡å ¯ ¼ è€ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¨ µ µÃ¤ ¸ ¹Ã¤ ¸ ¹ 摘è ¦ Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¦  ¥Ã¦ º Ã¤ ºÅ½Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã¯ ¼Å'æ˜ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ °â€˜Ã¦â€" Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¥â€™Å'æâ€"‡åÅ'â€"çš„é «ËœÃ¥ º ¦Ã¦ µâ€œÃ§ ¼ ©Ã¥â€™Å'集ä ¸ ­Ã¤ ½â€œÃ§Å½ °Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§ § Ã¦â€"‡å ­ ¦Ã¥ ½ ¢Ã¥ ¼ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦ ´â€"ç »Æ'å’Å'æ · ±Ã¥Ë† »Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ °â€˜Ã¦â€" Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€¦ ¶Ã¦ ¼ «Ã©â€¢ ¿Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¦â€"‡å ­â€"Ã¥ â€˜Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦ µ ªÃ¦ ·ËœÃ¦ ²â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'åŽ »Ã§ ²â€"Ã¥ â€"ç ² ¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ »â€œÃ¦Å¾Å"ï ¼Å'è °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¥â€¦ ·Ã¦Å"‰é ²Å"明的æ °â€˜Ã¦â€" Ã§â€° ¹Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ§â€ ±Ã¤ ºÅ½Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Å'çš„å ®â€"æ•™ä ¿ ¡Ã¤ » °Ã¯ ¼Å'é £Å½Ã¤ ¿â€"ä ¹  Ã¦Æ' ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¯â€œÃ¨ ¨â‚¬Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ Å Ã¦â€"‡å ­ ¦Ã¨â€° ºÃ¦Å" ¯Ã¨ ¯ ¸Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â€" ¹Ã©  ¢Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¯ ¼Å'è‹ ±Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ±â€°Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¦â€° ¿Ã¨ ½ ½Ã§ â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Å'çš„æ °â€˜Ã¦â€" Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"ç‰ ¹Ã¨â€° ²Ã¥â€™Å'ä ¸ Ã¥ Å'çš„æâ€"‡åÅ'â€"ä ¿ ¡Ã¦  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥Å" ¨Ã § ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ºâ€ºÃ¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"å›  Ã§ ´  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¨ ¦ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥â€º °Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€"ä » ¬Ã¦Å¾â€žÃ¦Ë† Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥â€º  Ã§ ´  Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Å" ¬Ã¦â€"‡å€ŸåŠ ©Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ºâ€ºÃ¥â€¦ ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ¾â€¹Ã¥ ­ Ã¯ ¼Å'ä »Å½Ã¥Å" °Ã§ â€ Ã§Å½ ¯Ã¥ ¢Æ'〠Ã© £Å½Ã¤ ¿â€"ä ¹  Ã¦Æ' ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ®â€"æ•™ä ¿ ¡Ã¤ » °Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥Å½â€ Ã¥  ²Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"æâ€" ¹Ã©  ¢Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦Å¾ Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ § Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã¥â€º  Ã§ ´  Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ¸ ºÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã¥ ¿  Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã£â‚¬ Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã© ¡ ºÃ¥Å" °Ã¥â€  Ã§Å½ °Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¥Å½Å¸Ã¨ °Å¡,Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã§  µÃ¦ ´ »Ã¨ ¿ Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ § Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Å" ¬Ã¦â€"‡è ® ¨Ã¨ ® ºÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã§â€º ´Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€ž Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ Å'ä ¹â€°Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¥ ¥â€"ç” ¨Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã£â‚¬ Ã§â€º ´Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¥â€™Å'æ„ Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§â€º ¸Ã§ »â€œÃ¥ Ë†Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ § Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã£â‚¬â€š å… ³Ã©â€ ®Ã¨ ¯ : è‹ ±Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ °Å¡Ã¨ ¯ ­ Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã¥â€º  Ã§ ´   ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦Å â‚¬Ã¥ · §

Cultural Differences And The European Union Politics Essay

Cultural Differences And The European Union Politics Essay The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a country is what we call culture. Cultural differences have always existed between friends and families, but when it comes to countries their integration and relations can get a little messy. The European Union has always been known not only by its political and economic fusion, but also as a very diverse cultural union between countries. But when it comes to Turkeys integration to this conglomeration of states, cultural problems have become to be a sensitive barrier preventing their fully incorporation. This problem ranges from Turkeys non-European geographical location, its large and poor population affecting the European Unions financial budget to its diverse and complicated culture compared to the Christian-based EUs culture. Turkey is the only pluralist secular democracy in the Muslim world and has always attached great importance to developing its relations with other European countries. Turkish culture has had a profound impact over much of Eastern and Southern Europe becoming the bridge connecting to different continents, Europe and Asia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Therefore the question simplifies to; until what extend does Turkeys culture affect its entrance to the European Union? The European Union and its new members The European Union is a coalition of twenty-seven independent states based on the European Communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation. This union aims peace, prosperity and freedom for its 948 million citizens in a fairer and safer world. EU also aims to create a new economic growth based on regional specialties and the rich diversity of traditions and cultures. Unity is strength; the process of integration has not smothered the different ways of life, traditions and cultures of its peoples (Europa, 2010). The most important objectives of the EU are to establish European citizenship, guarantee freedom, security and justice, encourage economic and social progress and affirm Europe ´s role in the world. Its integration consists of most of Western Europes countries, being Bulgaria and Romania the two last members to enter EU in 2007. In the candidate list still remains Croatia, Former Yugoslavia Republic and Turkey, being this last one the most controversial case in the EU. Moreover, this confederation of countries makes their decision in treaties; known as primary legislation. These laws are decided by the institutional triangle formed by the Council of Ministers, European Parliament and the European commission. They represent the national governments, the people and a body independent of EU governments. One of the most dominant achievements of the EU is the single market and the economic and monetary union. In the other hand, each citizens of the EU has the right to travel, live and work anywhere in Europe. Thanks to the Maastricht Treaty, every citizen of the Union has voice and votes in the local elections of their countries and in the elections to the European Parliament. Every citizen has to feel European with its own culture and education. This is why the EU has a lot of programs to help the people to adapt in the different cultures; We are not bringing together states, we are uniting people, (Monnet, 1952). Turkey and its culture To understand why Turkey has been one of the most controversial cases in the EU, one has to identify its background. Since the beginning its been know that Turkey wanted to be part of European Union. In fact they have 9% of its country inside Europe. Its neighbored to the west with Greece and Bulgaria. This country combines a diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that form their rich and complicated culture. They have been one of the countries that have every extreme of Eastern and Western culture. It all started with the Ottoman system in which they cannot mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire. When the empire fell and the Turkish Republic arose they adapted a unitary approach that forced all of the cultures to mix with each other to make the Turkish national and cultural identity. This was a total failure that derived in more separation between the traditional Muslim cultures versus the cosmopolitan modernity of Istanbul. This gap made a collectivist political culture which is defined by fear of disagreement and disharmony, this derivates in citizen more concern as a group and not as individual justice. Furthermore, another aspect in this type of culture is in the way they dealt with conflict. In this case they have a lot of social division and they are suppressed by dominant elites resolving the entire disputes by the acceptance of authority figures. Since the beginning the Republic was well know as a father state, so this would then point to deep commitment of the people to the state, since fathers are often perceived as incapable of wrong-doing especially by their children, or in this case the Turkish civil society. This conflict in cultural differences has become a barrier to its entrance to the EU, so this past decade Turkey has determine itself to change it to a more Polyarchal political culture. This proposes a more predominant tolerance to religious and political values. Even though its not perfect people started to see the change, especially as the Delegation in European Commission (2007) said Concerning human rights and the protection of minorities, the legal framework to fight against torture and ill-treatment is established. When Turkeys political culture can finally assume the full colors of a Polyarchy, the democratic norms of the EU will be deeply and unshakably embedded in the minds of the Turkish people. In addition, taking in mind the Christian-based Europe it is important to establish that Turkeys Muslim predominance makes a very important impact in the culture. The 99.8% of the population is Muslim. They have a secular government but the religion is a really important factor to look at, because their traditions affects in the way people developed and in the form the government acts. It is a really divided society with a lot of really attached ways of seeing things that makes it a really complicated country. Its the fight between the past and the future. These differences existing in one same culture and country have created a series of debates and concerns from the European Unions part, strongly questioning the candidacy of this half-Asian half-European country. Turkey the eternal European Union Candidate? Turkey is considered to be a country divided by two continents, Europe and Asia. It occupies a small part of southeastern Europe, all of the Anatolian Peninsula, and the rest of it is located in the Asian continent. The official negotiations between Turkey and the Union began in October of 2005, considering Turkey at last as a formal possible member of the EU in the future. Turkeys story with the European Union goes back for years. Since 1963, when it was accepted for the first time as an associated member of the European Community, Turkey has tried to become a full member of this twenty-seven states union that comprises the worlds wealthiest and most successful trading bloc. Even though its intentions where known since the beginning, it wasnt until 1987 that Turkey officially applied for a full membership. Although they did not get what they really had in mind, Turkeys application strengthen their relations, meaning with this that efforts to widen relations intensified on both sides and actions to complete the Customs Union in time began again. Further in time, in 1997 one could say that the Costumes Union was functioning acceptably and that it had demonstrated the ability Turkey had to adjust to the EU standards in many areas, but that didnt prevented the commission to cite numerous political issues as pre-conditions for moving forward their relations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ It is easy to imply that EUs claims, saying that all candidates would be evaluated according to the same objective criteria and that there would be no discrimination in their evaluation, made Turkey find the Commissions approach unjust and prejudicial. It wasnt until 2005 that negotiations formally began and have extended until today with different kinds of issues or excuses from the European Commission. This has given hope to some Turks, as Gluf News said in Turkeys European Membership (2008): No one expects this to happen for at least ten years, but there is no denying that this is a significant moment in European history. No country that has started the process of EU accession has ever failed to be granted membership. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Barriers to Turkeys EU entrance As said before, the relations between Turkey and the EU date back since their application for an association in 1959. The problem of its geographical location is not the only barrier this country is facing when talking about becoming a full-integrated member of the European Union. Some of the arguments against Turkishs membership to the EU include their public opinion progressively turning against EU, arguing that their relations are not based on reciprocity and shared interest. Saying that the EU is known to benefit more than Turkey, seeing from these relations with not established motivation to help Turkey with some of its problems and main worries. Furthermore, Turkeys large and poor population would directly and indirectly be a burden in the financial aspect to the other members, specifically referring to the EU budget, structural funds, flow of Turkish workers, among others. And its important to take in mind that its population would create preference in favor of Turkey in the European Union decision-making, making Turkey, in terms of the number of votes, the second most powerful state. But maybe it can be said that the argument most sensitive centers on the cultural and religious differences existing between Turkey and this agglomeration of states. Cultural and religious mixture is one of the European Union self identities that recognizes and respects variety, but it is well known that Turkeys differences in this subject have been one of the biggest barriers for its entrance. The differences in relations between people and nations and culture can be greater than disparity between groups. Things involved like education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experiences, affections shown in the home, and countless of other factors affect without doubt human behavior and its relation with other cultures. This specific subject was more and more used as an argument in opposition to Turkeys integration into an organized Europe since at least 1987, when Turkey, already an associate member, made the application for full membership of the European Community. This community, in the direction of a political unit with common democratic decision-making, as the European Union expressed, was based on common decisions according to values. With this it can be said that values are indispensable components of culture. The more cultural diversity there is in an association, the bigger probability there will be that either decisions dont get made or minorities get outvoted by majorities creating with this more problems. Therefore, the importance does not relay on how values, norms or goals are formulated but in the functional performance of the institutions dealing with them. Integrating a different social system is not only an incorporation of norms but also an integration of organizations. When talking about culture, one can say its known as an accessory of a society. Since this twenty-seven state community is not a society but more of an institution of states that represent different societies, it would be a mistake to speak of a culture in the strict sense of the word. One could rather think of a cultural area, maybe Christian-occidental, which linking it to a particular social system must not be done. The Muslim preponderance in Turkey has complicated and slowed down the action process, even though their presence is in the whole Europe, still some argue that given Turkeys Muslim character, Turkey is not even European at all. As R. Michel said (2005): Beneath the thin veneer of the European-identity argument is a deep-seated but seldom acknowledged belief among the European elite that Muslims cannot be fully European. Therefore the performances in music, poetry and arts, is not only what culture includes, but also the circumstances of everyday life. The difference will exist and be noticed, especially in the areas where religious norms and traditions have their impact on everyday life. But, according to the Turks, these are not always extremely important. Discussing Turkishs membership to the EU with reference to cultural and religious factors, it is important to notice that Turkey is known as a secular country, as in a strict separation of religious and states affairs. However, Turkey is not the same as the rest secular countries, saying that the separation concerning the state and religion exist, but the religion is under the control of the government. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that including Turkey to the process of incorporation to Europe will constitute an answer to one of the most well-known global problems now a days: Islam can co-exist with democracy and secularism. Giving out not only a global message, but also one that would be favorable for the immigrant population that forms the minorities in several EU states. In addition, the human rights record that Turkey has had is another question that has risen regarding to its incision. Turkey, because of its Muslim yet secular standards, has to answer about human rights abuses in the form of inadequate vision of womens rights, unequal rights to the minority Kurds, and even nationalistic legislation of the Turkish Penal Code that reprimands people for insulting Turkishness. Consequently, in views of the tremendous efforts undertaken by the Turkish Government and society to adapt to European standards in all aspects, there is an expectation that in some time an irreversible step towards EU membership will be taken. They state that their society is ready to embrace Europe and that the fact that the ties between Turks living in Europe have helped the mentality in Turkey to change. And finally, besides of all the mess between cultural problems and their entrance to the EU; Turkey would become a bridge between East and West, between Islam and Christianity, between different cultures and civilizations. This country will become an inspiration for all the Muslims in the west, that they have been pushed away by Europe. So in fact it would be a great revelation for the whole world because of the disparity of culture. Its a gun that can backfire, because Europe has always been the rulers above cultures, so giving space in the EU to a Muslim country would change this entire image, and can make them in some way to loose power. To sum up, cultural differences have come to be known as one of the biggest barriers to Turkeys entrances to the EU. Its religion based, traditional and in ways dominant culture have created a fear of cultural disparities in Europeans. Conclusion Once analyzed the different positions that Turkey has played as a EU candidate and the long list of demands this conglomeration of states has asked, it poses a big question mark on the sincerity of the EU about accepting Turkey as a member. None of the member states were given such a long list of ever lasting demands that are not part of the original list of criteria. Given these complicated issues, it seems that many of the EU member states have no intention of embracing Turkey as a member. Having Turkey as a member of the EU offers a vital opportunity to start the process of understandement and support the potentially serious cultural diversity along religious lines; and will decrease the future global problems. In so many ways it would be a factor de win-win but also loose, because the EU need ´s Turkey ´s handwork and borders but they dont need to bring more cultural problems to de EU members. If they accept them they will have to make a full recognition of its multi-cultural diversity and find a way to make them homogeneous. Therefore, Turkish people already in the EU will have a big role to play in this process because they represent the cultural diversity. So the European Union will have to confront and encourage the area of national identity and intercultural relations. As Stephen Twigg (2005) said, the effects of Turkish immigration into the EU are a part of the Unions future. There is no going back to an imagined mono-cultural past that tries to submerge immigrant communities into some imagined pure and homogenous cultural identity As said before and to summarize this, if the European Union really wishes Turkeys future integration its tolerance for cultural diversity and acceptance should be open and acquiescent enough to let this country join its close and exclusive group.

Living Within Constraints :: essays research papers

Living Within Constraints Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply In the early ages people were hunters, or predators; they had to survive by killing other species. Although predators are supposed to be the strongest in the food chain, people were vulnerable because they had to depend on the same species below them. Our senses were not developed as well either; hearing, smelling, eye sight were and still are not as good as of those below us. We can’t kill with our teeth or nails, like some alligators could. So after 4 ice ages, only 25,000 people were left. That’s when they realized that they had to change their loosing strategies and that’s when they came up with Subsistence Agriculture. People domesticated animals, plants, and according to the number of the population today, we are doing real well. The world population grew slowly over much of the historic past; it was not until after 1900 that growth accelerated. The 1992 population was 5.5 billion. Now the world population is increasing at about 1.7% yr, corresponding to a doubling time of 40 years. In the early 1960s, most nations were self-sufficient in food; now only a few are. Except for parts of Africa, production exceeded population growth throughout the world. Per capita production has now slowed and appears to be declining. In line with recent studies, we estimate that with the world population at 5.5 billion, food production is adequate to feed 7 billion people a vegetarian diet, with ideal distribution and no grain fed to livestock. Yet possibly as many as two billion people are now living in poverty, and over 1 billion in ‘utter poverty’ live with hunger. Inadequate distribution of food is a substantial contributing factor to this current situation. Less than one half of the world’s land area is suitable for agriculture, including grazing. Nearly all of the world’s productive land, flat and with water, is already exploited. Most of the unexploited land is either too steep, too wet, too dry, or too cold for agriculture. Water Shortages: Pressures from growing population have strained water resources in many areas of the world. Worldwide, 214 river or lake basins, containing 40% of the world’s population, now compete for water. If we improve conservation of water, it would enhance rainfed and irrigated crop yields. A major difficulty arises simply from the rate with which food supplies would have to be expanded to pace or to exceed population growth rates in those countries experiencing high growth rates.

Essay --

Joseph J. Ellis: Founding Brothers Founding Brothers a collection of stories by Joseph J. Ellis that discusses various events following the American Revolution and their impact on the budding Republic. The first theme talks about all key individuals that had a conglomerate of personalities and ideologies among the founding fathers. Because of this, it balanced the government and prevented one over arching outlook from sculpting the new government. This can easily transition into the second theme by Ellis. Despite the fact that this group of minds behind the birth of our government, had many different passionate perceptions on how said government be formed, they were still bound by close personal relationships. The second theme is present throughout the entire book. Especially in â€Å"The Dinner†, which I will discuss in more detail later on. Many of the important decisions early on were not only deliberated in public, but were also debated and contested in private at meetings and dinner parties. In the third theme, it was in their culminating interest to sweep slavery under the rug. Even though they knew it was an important issue, they also knew bringing it to public would wreak havoc on the new but feeble government. In the fourth theme, Ellis illustrates how the founding fathers used the advantages described in the previous themes to romanticized the interactions they had. They were very intelligent men who knew what kind of decisions they implemented would be important moments in history. They used their personal relationships in private meetings to shape how future generations would view them and the new government. They had specific control over how the events would be recorded. This made it easy for them to embellish wh... ...after the dinner conversation had ended. Jefferson was able to make â€Å"The Dinner† appear as though he brought Madison and Hamilton together for one fateful meeting that would determine the outcome of two of the most high profile decisions made in early government. Though the full scope wasn't probably apparent, Jefferson had a way of ensuring these types of meetings would universally be looked back on the way he wanted. Many of the discussions leading up to the dinner conversation were conveniently tucked away. This made the dinner conversation out to be much more important and decisive than it probably actually was. Ellis repeatedly touches these three themes throughout â€Å"The Dinner† to illustrate how much personal relationships, ideas, personalities, and presumed control affected the way our government was formed, and how we view the process as it took place.

Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky :: Women Hold Sky Papers

Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky The essay " Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky - Notes for a Revised History of Technology " was written by Autumn Stanley in 1983. She begins with a few quotes, which are extremes in sexist views on history and technology. She then states the purpose of her article. The purpose is to imagine what this revised history would look like. She makes the claim that the " very definition of technology would change , from what men do to what people do." By doing this, she makes the broad assumption that the majority of people define technology as what men "do". In no way does she back up this definition; you'd be hard-pressed to find it in a dictionary. While I understand that the author has the right to define certain terms for the purposes of her article, she should base these in reality, using outside sources. This broad assumption is problematic from the very beginning, meaning that there are problems throughout the article whenever this assumption is implied. She does this several times throughout the article, stating her own definition, and assuming that the reader shares it, or doesn't want to think about it enough to disagree, as they are often extremist or full of holes. She states that the definition of significant technology would also change. Once again, there is the problem of her broad brush strokes in saying what the accepted definition of technology is. Although she never explicitly says these definitions are accepted, in the context of a sociological critique, it is implied. Apparently, significant technology of today focuses on war and machinery, while it should focus on medicine, advances in food science, child care, and environmentally-friendly technologies. When the author says this, she is ignoring massive amounts of technology. While in 1983 computer technology was not nearly what it was today, the fact that she completely leaves it out because it doesn't help with child-rearing left a bad taste in my mouth. In addition to that, these days it most certainly does help with all the things she listed. She only skims the surface of the technologies; how can one talk about food preservatives without talking about war (MREs - Me als Ready to Eat) or industry (canning and processing, for example. Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky :: Women Hold Sky Papers Analysis of Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky The essay " Women Hold Up Two-Thirds of the Sky - Notes for a Revised History of Technology " was written by Autumn Stanley in 1983. She begins with a few quotes, which are extremes in sexist views on history and technology. She then states the purpose of her article. The purpose is to imagine what this revised history would look like. She makes the claim that the " very definition of technology would change , from what men do to what people do." By doing this, she makes the broad assumption that the majority of people define technology as what men "do". In no way does she back up this definition; you'd be hard-pressed to find it in a dictionary. While I understand that the author has the right to define certain terms for the purposes of her article, she should base these in reality, using outside sources. This broad assumption is problematic from the very beginning, meaning that there are problems throughout the article whenever this assumption is implied. She does this several times throughout the article, stating her own definition, and assuming that the reader shares it, or doesn't want to think about it enough to disagree, as they are often extremist or full of holes. She states that the definition of significant technology would also change. Once again, there is the problem of her broad brush strokes in saying what the accepted definition of technology is. Although she never explicitly says these definitions are accepted, in the context of a sociological critique, it is implied. Apparently, significant technology of today focuses on war and machinery, while it should focus on medicine, advances in food science, child care, and environmentally-friendly technologies. When the author says this, she is ignoring massive amounts of technology. While in 1983 computer technology was not nearly what it was today, the fact that she completely leaves it out because it doesn't help with child-rearing left a bad taste in my mouth. In addition to that, these days it most certainly does help with all the things she listed. She only skims the surface of the technologies; how can one talk about food preservatives without talking about war (MREs - Me als Ready to Eat) or industry (canning and processing, for example.

Women in Psychology Paper

Women have made many contributions to the advancement of psychology, many of which have gone without notice until recent times, and some of which still goes unidentified in the field of psychology. The mention of women in the early development of psychology usually refers to them as minor contributors to a field that at one time was predominantly dominated by men. â€Å"Women of the time were subject to gender and martial prejudice† (Stipkovich, 2011). One such women who thrived in the field of psychology despite of and greatly due to the discrimination women experienced in the 1900’s is Leta Hollingworth.According to â€Å"Stipkovich (2011)†, â€Å"The remarkable path Leta Hollingworth’s life took her was instrumental in becoming a significant figure in the history of psychology of woman† (Contributions to the field of Psychology). Background Born Leta Anna Stetter, in May of 1886 in Nebraska, she was the oldest of three children. Raised on her gra ndparent’s farm after her mother’s death and fathers abandonment following the birth of her youngest sibling. â€Å"Leta Stetter received her early formal education in a one-room log schoolhouse, an education she later described as â€Å"excellent in every respect† (Miller, R.1990, para. 4). Leta graduated high school in 1902, at the age of 15 she was one of eight students in the class. In high school Leta showed a talent for creative writing which she was encouraged to develop in college. Leta enrolled and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, â€Å"where she quickly achieved a campus reputation in literature and creative writing and was designated Class Poet of the Class of 1906† (Miller, R. 1990, p. 145). While attending the university Leta met and became engaged to classmate Harry Levi Hollingworth.Harry graduated from the university before Leta and decided to do his graduate studies in New York at Columbia University, Leta stayed in Nebraska to finish her undergraduate work and graduated in 1906. Unable to start a career in writing as she originally intended due to financial problems, Leta took a teaching position in Nebraska and later joined Harry in New York the two were married on December 31, 1908. Leta attempted to get a job as a teacher in New York but was denied based solely on her marital status. â€Å"This was a very frustrating circumstance for the talented and educated graduate and led to the questioning of the role women play in  society† (Stipkovich, 2011).Over time Leta went on to complete her graduate studies at Columbia receiving an M. A. in 1913, Ph. D. 1916. While completing her studies in educational psychology at Columbia Leta had an opportunity to work directly with Edward Lee Thorndike. According to Stipkovich (2011), â€Å"With the environment finally allowing her to explore her academic interests, and questions about her own existence as a married woman, she pursued the study of womenâ €™s psychology and new interests in giftedness and intelligence† (A little Background). Theoretical perspectiveLeta became interested in psychology after questioning women’s inferiority to men. After researching the works of other psychologist she found only one assertion that could be tested scientifically. This assertion was commonly known as the â€Å"variability hypothesis,† (Benjamin, L. , 1990 p. 147). Held, L. (2010), states â€Å"The variability hypothesis posited that men exhibit greater variation than women on both physical and psychological traits, in essence suggesting that men occupied both the highest and lowest ends of the spectrum on any trait and women were doomed to mediocrity† (para.4).In order to disprove this hypothesis Leta did some research at the Clearinghouse for Mental Defectives â€Å"Hollingworth believed societal roles accounted for the differences, not innate differences† (Held, L. 2010 p. 3). She conducted an exper iment over a three month time period on both men and women from a behaviorist perspective which essential proved there was no decrease in women’s performance during the course of their cycle. While teaching at Columbia Leta started to express an interest in the study of exceptional children.While working with these children she discovered most of them were averagely intelligent but suffered from adjustment problems due to adolescents. In 1928 Leta published â€Å"The Psychology of the Adolescent† once again done from a behaviorist perspective further research should children with high intellect could be problem children, causing her to ask what special programs have been developed for them in public schools? (Benjamin, L. , 1990). â€Å"She worked on assessment tools for early identification of the intellectually gifted, and inevitably her work led her to the development of educational methods for these children† Benjamin, L., 1990).Contributions to the field of psychology Leta Hollingworth is a contributor to three specific fields of psychology. Leta’s recognition of the challenges faced by women set precedent to a new field of psychology: the psychology of women. Barbaro (2002), â€Å"Because of her work, future women would not have to deal with unchecked acquisitions of innate mediocrity or menstrual disability in their pursuit of scientific eminence† (Contributions to Psychology).In 1921 Leta Hollingworth was cited in â€Å"American Men of Science† for her research on the psychology of women (Held, L. 2010 p. 15). The other field of psychology Leta Hollingworth was a great contributor to the psychology of the exceptional child which led to her much known involvement and influence in school psychology. Due to her studies on the gifted children she was able to develop methods to recognize gifted children and aide in the development of a school curriculum better meeting their needs.Hollingworth’s writings on gi fted children, special education, adolescence, and mental retardation were inspirational for over twenty years (Miller, R. , 1990). In clinical psychology she disproved the â€Å"variability hypothesis† her examination on both male and female infant craniums proved that while the males were slightly larger if a difference in variability existed it favored females (Held, L. 2010 p. 4). After the disproving of the â€Å"variability hypothesis† Leta Hollingworth worked in the field of clinical psychology part-time for twenty years.Other contribution to psychology are noted publishing’s such as â€Å"Gifted Children: Their Nature and Nurture† (1926) this book was based on the results of her study on gifted children and â€Å"Children Above 180 IQ† (1942) this was Leta Hollingworth’s last publication and was completed after her death by her husband, Harry L. Hollingworth (Held, L. 2010 p. 7). Conclusion Leta Hollingworth was a women extraordinary for her time. She not let her troublesome childhood prevent her from gaining an education instead she used her less than perfect up bring to develop a talent in creative writing.When she found herself unable to work doing what at the time seemed like her natural calling she went on to teach, only to find her marital status would prevent her from doing so. This turning point in her life was discouraging but, with the support of her husband went on to gain an education, and dismantle one of the theories that prevent her and other women of her time from equal treatment. Leta went on from their developing not only one but three types of psychology that had not yet been explored in-depth, the psychology of women, educational psychology, and the psychology of the gifted child.Her work in the field of psychology not only furthered the field it changed the way women were looked upon, and the education of children both gifted and non-gifted. Instead of becoming a victim of her era she went on to become a pioneering female psychologist of her time â€Å"were she to observe contemporary society, she would be gravely disappointed that in the past 50 years there has been so little progress in changing societal attitudes toward the gifted, and that women, particularly gifted women, still face so many impediments to achievement and recognition† (Silverman, L. K. 1992 p. 11).

Management & Leadership Essay

The way the world now developed through the industrial revolution from the twentieth century has a great background with many driving factor involved. The scheme that is cost-effective and has a good impact on social welfare of society, and those living in the society, is considerably dependent on the effective and resourceful piece of organizations of all kinds, which depends on satisfactory or excellent management and leadership potential, and which can be learnt and extended, would be acknowledged by many. This is the reason different government and government agencies nationally or internationally, organization of all kinds, investing in their own development, behaves as the basis of this belief that they make considerable investment in management and leadership training, development and education. There was a report in November 2006, Yahoo manager Brad Garlinghouse issued memo that directly challenge the senior management. He accused the Yahoo’s leadership lacking strategic direction. Their competitor Google had beaten Yahoo in terms of revenue, advertisement and the share price fallen nearly a third since the start of the year. He suggested to have a change in their strategy. Off course it is very difficult to change the strategy for any organization but to survive in the competent world a change should be made when needed. It was Mr. Garlinghouse great management and leadership skill that he diagnosed the problem and gives his organization a direction to move. Apart from what he observed and analyzed, the main part is that he made a decision to apply the change. He might have adopted different style for management as well as leadership, according to the organizational structure of Yahoo, and would be aware of what impact would be coming in applying the decisions. It would have been Autocratic or Paternalistic or it might be the Democratic one but what actually he identified was the lack in the management and leadership directions. Waka International is a multinational organization making FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) all over the world and for the last few years making its way up but not with a pace with which it has to moving over with good management and leader but still the HR management asked junior researcher to compile a report on how the managers can lead their team using different styles of management and leadership and how these styles going to impact on the strategic decision, and this is what good organization do to look what changes they need or things that can be adopted like Yahoo manager Brad Galinghouse did. There is a good saying by someone that there is one thing constant and it is â€Å"change† and researchers have made efforts to put forward some suggestion what style we should adopt in different work situation within a team in Waka International to meet the challenges on different stages. Management is been described as the process of setting objectives and making most efficient use of financial, human and physical resources to achieve these objectives, in which main task include planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating. The resources may include the organizational assets which may be people, machinery, raw materials, information, skills and financial capital to measure the organizational performance i.e. how efficiently and effectively management use these resources to satisfy customers and to briefly explore or examine management and in this report will be looking on the management theories of two recent writers. First researcher tried to sketch the attempt of Peter Drucker for his work to describe and comment upon what managers do and he identifies three tasks: Satisfying the goals or mission of the organization. Enabling the worker to achieve and focus on productivity. Managing social responsibilities. He suggested in simplified manner that managers are required to set objectives; organize; motivate and communicate; measure and develop people. Secondly to mention the influential work on management of Henry Mintzberg in which he details his observations of what managers actually did. He examine that managers were not found to spend most of their time planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling and suggested ten roles managers often attempt logically in the pursuit of their objectives and divided these roles in three stages as building relationship with the employees, yielding the quality information and finally the allocation of decision making, objective and resources to the employees. On the other hand leadership can be suggested as, the part of management to drive the organization to achieve its goals by utilizing potential influence with group efforts. Leadership in the organizational role involves establishing and sharing a vision, providing information, knowledge and methods to realize that vision so others can follow willingly. If we link management and leadership we can say that leadership is an essential part of effective management, which emphasis upon the building an environment in which everyone has the opportunity to develop and excel skills. This link between management and leadership shows that managers must have traits of a leader. While learning about leadership researcher describes two types of leadership which are Direct Leadership & Indirect Leadership. Direct leadership is something about imposing orders to your followers and maybe enforcing them to accept you as a leader, where followers used to see the leader regularly face-to-face. Or it can be said that the leaders who are able to get to know those they are working with and influence them on an interpersonal basis are direct leaders. While those having thousands of followers without possessing the role of leadership is the indirect leadership. It may also be believed that the indirect leadership has to do with influencing others and making them your followers indirectly by inspiring the followers through your character, charisma etc. Leadership is not about ruling people like subjects and taking it for granted; it’s about presenting yourself as someone who people think should be followed for guidance. It’s about winning the minds and hearts of people. If we like to differentiate between management and leadership we can come up with the idea that Managers perform roles in organizations and hold a specific, formal title and fulfill a role well Leaders aim to influence and guide others into pursuing particular objectives or ideas of the future and to motivate them into wanting to follow. In Waka International the management has the best quality leadership hence the reason, management asked their junior staff for such an important part to look on it, since the organization is willing to move up and each management is leading its team in a good way, with a good pace as well, in a better management and leadership style. Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carries out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. Different leaders have different behavior which might produce different effects, so researchers began studies on successful leaders and began to develop different styles of leadership. Also how to become a good leader one should be aware of his leadership style. There are many theories on leadership styles; these are summarized into three dimensional theories which describe different leadership styles: The concept in this style is of leader and followers, where leaders have got all the high power, authority and control; they make the decisions in a one way communication and direct their followers with minimal participation of followers. All the planning and thinking is done by the leader and the team’s role is to follow the orders and motivation to the followers only comes from the leader’s status, charisma, expertise and power to reward and punish. An example of authoritarian styles is John F. Kennedy and one of the many things that John F. Kennedy is remembered for is his vision concerning the United States’ space program. On September 12, 1962, while speaking at Rice University, President Kennedy said: â€Å"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He then went on to talk about â€Å"metal alloys that had not yet been invented† that are â€Å"capable of standing heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced.† He had a vision of sending a man to the moon and back safely. He even explained how it was going to be accomplished. John F. Kennedy was exhibiting an authoritative leadership style that mobilized the resources of an entire nation towards this single goal. When we are talking about democratic leadership, it does not refer to a leader who holds political office or background, such as senator or parliamentarian. It talks about a leadership style that exhibits democratic characteristics. This idea of leadership involves running a business on the basis on the majority of decisions i.e. leader encourage the involvement of employees to take part in decision. Many of the great organizational leaders did use this style, Bill Gates is well known for his democratic management style at Microsoft. He actively involved employees in key management and strategic decisions. He was always interacted with the employees of Microsoft and customer and devoted his time for them by staying in contact via e-mail. In the democratic leadership style, we see a balance in the decision-making process. Employees or followers are allowed to participate in the decisions – their opinion counts just as much as the leader’s. Now this might sound like the optimal way to lead but every ways got some pros and cons in it. In this type of leadership managers observes that employees are working well on their own and consciously make a decision to pass to the member to allow them freedom of action and not to interfere and is always available to help in need. The leader may also set some example but nobody has to follow it if they want to. They leader don’t try to motivate their subordinate or it can be said that motivation only comes from the fact that the individuals are free to do what they likes and no one has to waste time explaining their actions. This leadership style may work with individual people like academics and artists who need to be free on work in their own way, and don’t like teamwork, they would like to like what they want, and not ask for guidance or permission. Researchers suggested that a specific leadership style cannot be constraint to a particular situation rather any styles can be adopted at any situations. Researchers also suggested that the autocratic style may be suitable when large numbers of un-skilled employees are involved and when quick decisions are a matter of life and death and have to be made quickly. Motivation is just a name which comes out from the personality of the leader that is the reason followers struggle to please or satisfy the leaders. So this style may be adopted when there is a need of urgency in Waka International and when a particular objective is achieved a different style can be implemented, and this is what management is all about, â€Å"the change†. Since in the democratic style, employees or followers have an equal say in the decision-making process, they are more dedicated to the desired outcome. The collaborative environment created by this style often results in more comprehensive solutions to problems. If Waka International is looking for better and long term result democratic style would be a better choice as most of the renowned company focus on the democratic style so it would be valuable for long term objectives and goals. Laissez-faire type of leader may inspire or motivate people or plan ideas but do not make any efforts to ensure that the team follows it. This kind of leadership can only work with academics or artists, who don’t like team work and emphasis to work freely. So many researchers don’t suggest adopting this style of leadership and it will not be driving the organization to its objective quickly. But this style is has good result if professional and experienced followers are in the workplace. From the report it can be concluded that management and leadership are two different aspects, but on a broad vision if leadership has not become the part of the management, this may lead to disastrous result. Coping up the resources and not leading in a good direction without an effective leadership may show short-term good result but it would not demonstrate a good impact on the organizational objective or goals and without the right leadership, organizational strategies will remain as ink on paper. Getting the right leadership to implement business strategies takes careful planning and dedicated effort, and often substantial investment. Like the sports coach whose mediocre team never wins a championship, the CEO can’t hope to achieve bold new strategies without giving thought to his leadership team and leadership culture. Too many organizations have become unworried with their existing leadership programs, instead of making certain that they are linking their leadership strategies and development investments with their business strategies and taking full advantage of the learning opportunities that accompany strategic change. With learning and research it can also be concluded that the planning methods are useful in meeting the challenges of any situation and developing leadership skills. Leadership traits can be learnt and developed to meet the strategic needs. This report has the relevance for handling complex situation of the present competitive business world by utilizing leadership skills in making strategic decisions to achieve the stipulated goal. The different styles mentioned earlier can be used depending upon the organizational needs and objectives, to achieve the goals.